The Spanish Armada Essays (614 words) - Tudor England,

The Spanish Armada The Spanish Armada was a fleet of armed ships that attempted to invade England in the year of 1588. This Spanish Fleet had at one time been called the Invincible Armada, supposedly because the Spaniards thought it could not be defeated (World book Multimedia Encyclopedia). The Spanish Fleet consisted of over 130 ships and more than 29,000 men, most were soldiers. Many of the ships were low in weapons and experienced soldiers that could work these weapons, others were low in ammunition. King Phillip named the Duke of Medina Sidonia to command the Armada. During the 1500's the Spanish were thought to have had a dominating Navy until in 1588, when they were defeated by the English. The English received word of the Spanish's activities and armed many of its merchant vessels and added them to its warships. England's fleet was made up of about 197 ships and nearly 16,000 men, these men were mostly sailors rather than soldiers. Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham commanded the fleet and his squadron leaders were Francis Drake, John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher. Francis Drake and John Hawkins were ordered many times to raid Spanish villages and ships to acquire more riches. 2 The Spanish Armada left Lisbon, Portugal on May 30, 1588 and arrived at the English Channel on July 20. The ships were constantly battling for seven days straight. There were long-range duels and soldiers were sent to burn the enemy ships and destroy their weapons. On July 27, the Armada anchored at Calais, France. The Duke of Medina Sidonia had planned to meet barges carrying Spanish Troops from nearby Dunkerque, a port in the Netherlands (World book Multimedia Encyclopedia). Unfortunately, Dutch gunboats prevented the barges from meeting the Armada. This act doomed the fleet to failure (World book Multimedia Encyclopedia). Early in the hours of July 29, the English sent eight vessels that were packed with gunpowder and were set on fire, and they were directed towards the Armada. The Spanish were barely able to flee from the burning ships. Later that morning, the English sent 60 or so warships to attack an equal number of Spanish Galleons. The English sank two Spanish ships and damaged others severely. The crippled Armada fled to the North Sea, then returned to Spain by sailing north around the British Isles. Heavy winds wrecked many of ships off Ireland's coast, and only 67 out of the 130 reached Spain. 3 There were many deaths at the battle between the England and Spain, but the exact number is confirmed. Some deaths were from drowning, disease, but most were just from the casualties of war. The Spanish lost nearly half its fleet, during the battles with the English. Things got even worse after the battles. Spain even though they did not officially lose the battles, their country was in economic trouble. There were so many controversial issues, going on after the war, that the country just fell apart and England became a major power in Europe. Spain was very confident going into the battles and they came out the losers and that hurt them considerably. The battles contributed to the slow decline of the Spanish economy, production, and social well-being. It was becoming evident that the Spanish were not as powerful as they once were. There were revolts against the Government of Spain, lootings in villages and towns and their were several civil wars. Spain, today, is still a fairly popular country but not as nearly powerful and prosperous as they once were. The Spanish Armada's invasion on the English Channel in 1588 is and always will remain one of the most popular naval battles in history.

Gravity essays

Gravity essays Hypothesis-When a constant force is put upon an object the object will then have a constant velocity in movement. Background-In order to conduct these experiments knowledge of gravity and resistance towards gravity had to acquired. Also graph matching with the computer program Logger Pro had to be used to give accurate graphs. Experiments-To conduct the various experiments it was required that you have a computer running Logger Pro that is also connected to a Vernier Motion Detector. Also many objects showing a direct relationship with the laws of motion. For example a board is needed to be used as an incline with a dynamics cart to show that gravity has a constant force on the cart causing constant acceleration. This is shown very well when the cart is rolling down the incline and can be measured precisely when using a motion detector. However the force might not be perfectly constant because of too much friction caused by bumps in the board and bad bearings for the wheels on the dynamics cart. Comparison-When comparing the predicted distance vs. time graph against the actual graph for the pendulum experiment the percentage of error was .018. For the velocity vs. time graph the percentage of error was .038 these results were shown by using the comparison of both graphs by using an algebraic curve. Conclusion-The experiments all can clearly show how motion and its laws affect everything around us. Also these experiments bring more truth and support my hypothesis stating constant force makes constant movement. ...

Corporate Governance Practices in Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate Governance Practices in Qatar - Essay Example Different frameworks are being drawn up to ensure that there is integrity in the market that may allow the region maintain its ethical stand, and at the same time, make profit in the ever-changing world market. This paper will examine corporate governance, and how it differs among international and local companies in Qatar. The aspect of corporate governance may not be a new one, but Qatar is among regions that do not have long-standing financial infrastructures and may not necessarily be fully aware of the impact it has on the region. However, the region is trying to incorporate the phenomenon of corporate governance through the financial market authority (Tricker, 2009). This is in a bid to address some of the issues that face most of the companies in the region, and the challenges that the region faces with a foreign company’s involvement in the region. The Qatar Financial Market Authority (QFMA) has certain guidelines for all companies that operate in the region, but the MNCs face much steeper challenges when it comes to their operations. One of the main issues that arise with MNCs in the region is the issue of the greed culture associated with MNCs. This ‘infectious greed’, as countless people refer to it, is presenting tremendous challenges to their companies in Qatar. The boards of directors in major companies are being faced with the challenge of being forthcoming with every action they take that concerns the company. The control systems in these companies are required to uphold certain regulations in order to operate without problems. Strict external auditing is required for these companies to have a transparent accounting procedure that makes them accountable to the QFMA. Agreements on disclosure are necessary to ensure financial reports are reported truthfully and accurately (Zinkin, 2011). Compliance is another issue facing countless MNCs.

Debating Gloalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Debating Gloalization - Essay Example Joseph Stiglitz is considered as one of the major voices in the world speaking against the potential detrimental nature of the overall process of globalization. His main arguments therefore suggest that globalization can be good if it is executed properly by taking into the consideration of the individual characteristics of each country. (Friedman, 2002). He is of the opinion that the countries should be allowed to embrace globalization on their own terms rather been enforced on them. He also argues that if the pro globalization policies are not being carried out properly, it is quite possible that the countries can become more vulnerable to the external shocks and this can create economic instability as well as resulting into a decline in growth and increase in poverty. (Stiglitz, 2002). This paper will discuss and explore the ideas of Joseph Stieglitz on globalization and will present a critical intellectual biography of Joseph Stiglitz. Intellectual Biography Ideas Stiglitz has wo rked on different issues and presented his ideas on diverse range of ideas ranging from economics to political economy. He is often considered as a New Keynesian for his views on the better role of government in running the overall affairs of the economy. He is therefore also considered as neo-liberal thinker because of his strong opposition of the corporate led globalization. He is often considered as critical of IMF and World Bank- two of the most important institutions advocating the globalization and help fulfilling the overall agenda of globalization. (Stiglitz, 2003). His major ideas on globalization are based on his theory of information asymmetry and how the lack of correct information can result into the development of incomplete markets at the global level. He is therefore particularly of the view that advocating globalization in such economies where markets are not fully developed and information is not available can result into more poverty and economic inequality rather than creating prosperity. He is also considered as quite critical of IMF because of its ignorance that the overall process of globalization may not work in the presence of inadequate institutions as well as the incomplete markets. (Stiglitz, 2003). His ideas on globalization therefore are based on the presence of more transparent institutions and greater role of Western countries in helping the less developed countries to better integrate themselves into the global economy. His economic ideas are also mostly considered as New Keynesian. Trade In order to understand the Stiglitz ideas on the free trade and its role in the globalized world, t is important to consider the overall arguments in favor of free trade. The advocates of the globalized and free trade believe that free markets and trade can actually increase the overall opportunity set for the countries and they can readily benefit from this. What is however, important to consider that as per Stiglitz this is not the case? Tho ugh he believes that this may be a text book approach however, in reality free trade and markets do not necessarily result into the growth. The overall arguments are based upon the notion that the free trade and investment can only result into the growth when they are competitive. Since the markets of the developing countries are still

Against stricter gun control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Against stricter gun control - Essay Example Antigun control activists assert that disarming the public is not the answer to removing the threat of civilian shootings, but arming those who are in those situations is the answer. For instance, teachers should be legalized to carry guns if it helps to improve their safety since they are often targets of attacks by rowdy students in different locations (Weissert, 2013). This should not only apply to teachers but to all the citizens alike if their lives are under threat from assailants who are bent on robbing them of their valuable possessions. In such a case, it can be seen that guns help to protect the safety of the citizens. In the United States, there are more incidents of armed civilians, guards, and off-duty police officers saving people through the use of guns than there are also incidents of armed civilians firing on innocent crowds. In such a scenario, it can be seen that guns are used to protect innocent civilians against violence by other unknown assailants hence stricter gun laws may threaten the safety of the citizens if they are implemented. The use of guns has to be regulated such that only those people with the legal right should use the guns to protect themselves and the members of the society rather than to commit crimes using the same guns. The other reason why I argue against stricter gun laws is that the state has the duty to regulate as well as to vet the people who are legible to get the guns. If the state makes it a law that guns should not be easily accessed by anyone especially young children, gun violence is likely to be maintained at a lower level. Gun violence can also be reduced if all guns are licensed such that the state can clearly control the activities of the people who are armed with guns. If efforts are put to eradicate all illegal fire arms being possessed by different people, it can be seen that the levels of gun violence

Fashion and Marketing: Individuality vs. Conformity

Fashion and Marketing: Individuality vs. Conformity Fashion Marketing Individuality vs. Conformity. Section 1: Introduction A seemingly intractable paradox underlies Westerners choice of fashion in the twenty-first century. On the one hand, the democratic and social progress made in the West in the past fifty years has led to radical revaluations of, and profound reversals of attitudes towards, issues such as   gender, class, race, social stereotypes, cultural identity and so on: in short, the Western citizen of 2005 has far greater personal freedom for expression than could have been conceivable for a Westerner in 1905 or even 2005 (Craik, 1994). The modern student of Western fashion trends might therefore reasonably expect to notice in the clothing choices and styles of twenty-first Westerners ever greater diversity and individuality to notice a kaleidoscopic and multi-coloured efflorescence of personal freedom in fabric and cloth. And, indeed, in many instances in Western society there is a profusion of individual styles mirroring newly liberated individual personalities. Yet, on the other hand, des pite this potential for individuality, the fashion student notices, paradoxically, that Westerners are exhibiting an ever greater homogeneity and similarity in their clothing choice for instance, the ubiquitous presence, amongst certain definable social groups, of trendy brands like Tommy Hilfiger, Zara and FCUK. The principal force behind this homogeneity is argued to be (Miles, 1998 Radford, 1998) the massive and all-consuming power of giant global fashion houses and their resources for mass branding and advertising. To many fashion critics and scholars these hugely powerful companies have come to swamp the potential for personal and individual expression that was made possible by social changes in Europe and America in the past fifty years. In a further paradox, it was these very changes themselves, and the liberation and emancipation of consumer power and choice which they released, which provides the consumer markets and spending-power which make these huge companies possible. In other words, for the gender, class, and social revolutions of the twentieth century to happen this required the protests and emancipation of Western masses; but this very freedom itself created a mass homogeneous market that could be exploited by fashion corporations themselves made possible by these changes. I n   a final paradox, Rosenfeld (1997) and Davis (1993) argue that modern man is free to choose the clothes he wears and so is himself responsible for submitting himself and his individuality to temptations of mass production and consumerism   that surround him. The fascinating question before this literature review is then: why is it   that Westerners, granted at last a large measure of personal freedom for expression, ‘choose’ nonetheless to submit themselves to mass trends and to enslave themselves to perhaps an ever greater extent than when such freedom was not obtainable? Of further interest is the question: how have particular cultural groups, and fashion trends, resisted mass consumerism of fashion, and gone on to use these new freedoms to establish exciting and original expressions of their personalities? Section 2: Sources A few words about the origin and authority of the sources used for this literature review   are perhaps necessary before turning to the main themes of the review.   The principal type of source discussed in this literature review are academic books and journals; in addition, some internet sources are employed also. The academic books referred to in this review are amongst the seminal texts in the literature of fashion and marketing, their authors world-class experts in   their fields, and therefore the reliability and authority of their material is extremely high. The fashion student can have high, if not complete, confidence in his employment of these sources to illustrate his themes and arguments. Likewise, those texts from other fields in this review, such as Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud, 1900) or Lacan’s Language of the Self (Lacan, 1998), are usually included by critics and scholars in their lists of the most important works of the twentieth-century. They too then may be used by the fashion student with a high degree of trust in their authority and reliability. A note of caution might be sounded however about   the employment of internet sources in any literature review. Whereas the process of publishing work in an academic book or journal is a lengthy one, requiring considerable cost and numerous stages of scrutiny by fellow scholars and experts, thus ensuring the quality of those sources, nonetheless, the standards required for publication on the internet are often lower and less vigorous. The vast profusion material released daily on the internet requires the conscientious student to subject the internet sources he employs to greater scrutiny and doubt than might be the case with academic books or journals published in the traditional paper-based way. Consequently, the internet sources used in this literature review have been vigorously scrutinised and tested for their reliability in the fashion described above.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 3: Review The following literature review is discussed according to the following thematic schema in five parts: (1) The Paradox of Individuality and Conformity, (2), Global Trends and World Markets, (3) Semiotic Theories of Fashion Promotion Visual Communication, (4) Popular Cultures and Distinctive Identities, and, (5), Sociological Philosophical   Views of Class, Gender, Social Stereotypes and Cultural Identity. The Paradox of Individuality and Conformity The contemporary situation in Western fashion and personal clothing choice is one of apparently irresolvable paradox: Westerners are today endowed with ever greater personal freedoms, extending naturally to their choice of personal clothing and one would expect this freedom to lead to a plethora and profusion of individual styles and manners of dress: these freedoms should result in less conformity of style than was present in say 1905 when gender, class and social prejudices compelled and forced a person to dress in a particular way and style. Yet, despite these abundant new-found freedoms, Western clothing choice in 2005 seems to display ever greater conformity and homogeneity. That is, Westerners are ‘choosing’ to dress more and more alike one another Westerners’ expression of their personalities through their choice of style is showing ever greater similarities to one another. How then could this be possible? This question is discussed at the general level in great depth by F. Davis (1993) Fashion, Clothing and Identity and by Fiske (1990) in Introduction to Communications Studies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Global Trends World Markets The most persuasive and frequently given answer to the above   question is that the rise of huge fashion houses such as Louis Vuitton, Tommy Hilfiger, Armani, Prada, Zara, amongst many others along with their massive resources for branding and advertising, have drowned-out the recently attained freedoms of Western individuals to reflect their personalities in their choice of clothing. This point is powerfully made in D. Crane’s seminal text Fashion and the Social Agenda: Class, Gender and Identity in Clothing. (Crane, 2004). Crane argues that just at the critical historical moment (the end of the 20th Century) when Westerners were finally endowed with greater personal freedoms in fashion and personality expression than ever before, that these freedoms were immediately smothered by forces such as globalization and capitalism which gave birth to vast fashion corporations whose financial resources and advertising capacity have become too great and powerful for individual expr ession to poke through and flower. This point is corroborated and reinforced by numerous other scholars and authorities in fashion and marketing. F. Davis (1993) in Fashion, Culture and Identity, L. Rosenfeld (1997) in Clothing as Communication, and J. Craik (1994) in The Face of Fashion; Cultural Studies in Fashion all endorse Crane’s central premise that individual freedom of personality expression through clothing and style is suffocated by the capitally fuelled force of the major fashion brands to overwhelm this expression through relentless psychological pressure, carried by advertising, to conform to the style and choice ‘imposed’ and ‘decided’ by these companies and not by individuals themselves. M. Barnard in Fashion as Communication (1996) makes an interesting refinement of this basic premise by suggesting, in a further paradoxical statement, that it is the very freedom of gender, class, social status etc., of the past fifty years which has led to ever greater conformity to popular styles and to an even greater imposition of style than existed before such freedoms were possible. In other words, to echo a sentiment expressed by Nietzsche in 1888 (Nietzsche, 1888) and Freud in 1900 (Freud, 1900) human beings have natural herd instincts which are present whether people are free or not, and these instincts generate the need for leadership and imposition from one source or another. Thus, whilst before the 1960’s style conformity was forced upon Westerners by gender and class stereotypes, nonetheless, after the 1960’s when these stereotypes were lifted, Westerners became susceptible to a new ‘authority’, ‘imposition’ and ‘leadershipâ €™ in the form of vast fashion corporations whose choice of style and expression is propagated through intensive branding and advertising. According to this philosophical view, endorsed by Bruce Stella and Pamela Church Gibson (2000) in Fashion Cultures Theories: Explorations and Analysis, the personalities of Westerners today and their choice of expression of their personalities through clothing, is largely decided by fashion corporations and advertising companies thus resulting in the uniformity of style and expression which is so evident from a casual glance at our high-streets today.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Semiotic Theories of Fashion Promotion Visual Communication A interesting example of the practice of a semiotic theory of fashion promotion is that discussed in A. Rhodes’ and R. Zuloago’s paper ‘A Semiotic Analysis of High Fashion Advertising’ published in 2003. The chief motif of Rhodes’ and Zuloago’s work is that ‘Fashion advertising is an excellent example of identity-image producing media’ (Rhodes   Zuloago, 2003: p8). They state at the outset of their paper that ‘The nature of the product is tied directly to identity those objects with which we encase our bodies for public display  ­- and fashion is acknowledged as a cultural language of style’; a little further on they add ‘Taken as a whole, high fashion media and advertising describe a spectrum of identity, unified in general types of signifiers young women, high   status, high sexuality and through the constant repetition and variation of images on these themes serve to create this identity spectrum.â €™ (Rhodes and Zuloago, 2003, p1). Thus, in their paper, Rhodes and Zuloago seek to define the symbiotic relationship between high fashion and the cultural and social identity of one particular social group: young, rich and sexually confident women. Rhodes and Zuloago argue that the advertising campaigns of companies like Prada, Donna Karen, Armani, Dolce Gabanna and others like them, speak so powerfully and seductively to these women, and that the images employed penetrate so deeply into their consciousness and social orientation, that they come to identify their personalities almost wholly with the product. Rhodes and Zulago recognise, nonetheless, that whilst the influence of major fashion brands over social groups like the one mentioned above is immense that these groups too, by their social characteristics and newly liberated personalities, constantly force the fashion brands to invent new styles and designs that evolve to reflect the changing consciousness of these particu lar and individualistic groups (Rhodes Zuloago, 2003: p5). The symbiosis is nearly total; and similar relationships between major brands and other social groups are evident throughout modern Western   culture.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Popular Cultures and Distinctive Identities R. Radford points out in Dangerous Liaison: Art, Fashion and Individualism (1998) that the mass conformity of modern fashion style and personality expression is not of course universal, and many original and fresh styles punk, gothic, ethnic, etc., have arisen from the social freedoms of recent decades, both in reaction to the preceding centuries of restricted expression and also in reaction to the monotonous uniformity of the mass-branded   and consumer-based style. As suggested in the last sentence, Radford distinguishes between styles which are (1) a reaction to the restrictions of former centuries, (2) those which are defiances of the modern branded uniformity, and, (3), those which are a reaction to neither, but rather are healthy and original efflorescences of cultural uniqueness and individual expression. In the first category Radford places the astonishing growth in popularity of ‘gender-liberated’ products like bikinis, short-skirts and casual clothing which were, in other centuries, repressed by the authorities either because of gender prejudices or inequalities, or because of antiquated ideas about the morality or sexual imprudence of certain items and styles of clothing. To take an instance of gender discrimination cited by Radford (Radford, 1998: pp. 142-148), it was not socially or morally permissible for women in former times to wear beach attire (bikinis, swim-suits etc.,) that revealed or celebrated anything of the sensuousness or beauty of the female figure; women were therefore universally condemned (in Western countries) to wear a single type plain, non-sexual beachwear. But since the lifting of this social prejudice and stigma, there has been a profusion of designers, from Gucci and Dolce Gabana to Zara and BHS, who have produced modern designs which allow women to celebrate the sensuality and beauty of   the female figure. Women today enjoy the same rights as men to wear what they like either to the beach, to the disco or to work; thus, in this instance, despite the domination of the fashion brands, women now have the opportunity to, and do indeed exhibit in practice, a greater expression of individuality of personality than was possible or permissible before the last decades. In the second category, Radford places fashion styles like punk and gothic: styles which rebel   against the conformity of modern mass-consumer culture and relish in the controversy and upsetting of convention induced by the difference of their style. Studded clothing, fluorescent coloured hair, male make-up, cross-dressing etc., are rebellions against the usual fashion paradigm and make the personality statement that some people disagree with popular sentiment and convention and express this in clothing styles that are often shocking and scandalous (Barthes, 1983).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the third category are individualistic styles, such as ethnic, which are neither reactions to historical repressions or to modern mass conformity, but which are rather healthy flourishing of individual personality or philosophy. For instance, contemporary Western style permits a greater exhibition of ethnic clothing or pride in national dress than was acceptable fifty years ago. F. Davis argued as early as 1988 in Clothing and Fashion Communication that clothing could be a vehicle for greater racial tolerance and for multi-culturalism and racial integration in modern Western society. A concomitant of this toleration is a celebration and pride in the wearing of clothes of national dress; clothes that display part of the person’s personality repressed for decades.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sociological Philosophical Views of Class, Gender, Social Stereotypes and Cultural Identity Jacques Lacan in Language of the Self (Lacan, 1997) gives a fascinating philosophical and psychological interpretation of the individuality vs. conformity paradox, filtering it the prism of class, gender and social stereotypes, to argue that human beings are essentially language-animals and can be manipulated if one finds the key to the use of this language. Lacan argues in his seminal text Language and the Self (1997) that the social freedoms attained by Westerners in the past half century have given them Westerners unprecedented opportunities to reflect their innermost ‘self’, their basic human constituency, through new cultural media such as television, the arts, and by derivation, fashion and our choice of media. Lacan argues further that the ‘self’ of previously repressed groups such as women, homosexuals, African-Americans and so on is now able to manifest itself in cultural forms that had previously been repressed for centuries, and which are now burs ting out in the diversity of artforms prevalent in our society today. Nonetheless, through his   principal scientific and philosophical investigation into the language-animal, Lacan argues that Westerners have been seduced by the clever and innovative marketing campaigns of the major fashion brands, who use slogans and images to target specific social groups. Thus Lacan explains the phenomenal seduction of modern Western man to the worded slogans of designer labels and celebrity endorsed products. Lacan suggests that the advertising campaigns of major fashion brands seduce the consumer’s unconscious directly and that this explains the phenomenon of mass conformity to such a homogeneous type of personal expression through fashion as is evident in our society.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 4: Conclusion In the final analysis, the literature of the fashion and marketing texts on the subject of individuality vs. conformity, and the influence of branding upon this relationship,  Ã‚   reveals the following points. Firstly, that a curious and complex paradox deeply underpins the dynamics between individuality and conformity. To the one side, the liberation of women, homosexuals, formerly repressed racial groups, underprivileged classes and others, in the second half of the twentieth-century, has led to a huge mass of people in Western society who have previously unimaginable freedom to wear whatever styles and types of clothing they believe best express their individuality and uniqueness. For instance, gender prejudices removed, women can now wear trousers ; race prejudices declining, repressed groups can wear a city suit or opera tuxedo; in many other instances Westerners are free to dress as however their mood, philosophy and occupation inclines them. On the other hand, the ceaseless ascent to prominence and immense power of the great fashion houses and fashion brands has led to a blanket of homogeneity being spread over the personal expression of many Western consumers. Philosophers like Lacan, and psychologists like Freud and Nietzsche, suggest   that man has an innate herd instinct that compels him to conform to the trends of the crowd and to seek a higher authority and leadership to decide and impose his personal expression upon him. According to this view, despite the newly attained freedom of Westerners, they have substituted for the old imposition of gender and class barriers the new authority of the mass product and the famous brand. Thus ‘personal choice’ and ‘freedom of expression of personality’ through clothing are   merely illusions that do not   correspond to modern reality. Furthermore, the conformity of modern Western dress is, according to D. Crane (Crane, 2004), even more intense today than in other centuries, s ince in 2005 particular styles and mass produced clothing items Crane gives Levi’s jeans as an example permeate all classes and genders of society and therefore have a ‘total sphere of conformity and influence’; in other centuries a particular item or style of clothing would only dominate one social group; today brands like Nike, Zara, Levi’s, Armani and so on, can penetrate the personal expression of every social group from top to bottom. Nonetheless, the flourishing of reactionary and rebellious fashions expressions such as punk and gothic, as well as the profusion of small individualistic designers and such styles as ethnic suggest that the mass produced fashion items have not and will not dominate totally and may even be forced back a little as personal expression is allowed to bloom in the new forms and clothing styles of the twenty-first century. Our final words might be these: that the question of conformity vs. individuality now hangs in a delicate balance and equilibrium, that Western society pivots at a vital moment in the history of its ability to be able to define itself. The opportunity exists for   Westerners to dazzle the world with an efflorescence of new styles of clothing that reflect the cultural diversity, racial integration, and class assimilation achieved in the past fifty years. The danger remains nonetheless that these achievements and potential expression will be swamped by the relentless mar ch of mass consumer fashion and our seduction to it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 5: Bibliography   Academic Books, Journals Articles Barnard, M. (1996) Fashion as Communication, Routledge Barthes, R. (1967, 1983). The Fashion System, New York: Hill and Wang.   Bruzzi Stella Church, P.G. (2000). Fashion Cultures Theories, Explorations and Analysis, Routledge Craik, J. (1994) The Face of Fashion; Cultural Studies in Fashion, London: Routledge. Crane, D. (2004). Fashion and Its Social Agenda: Class, Gender and Identity in Clothing. Oxford   University Press, Oxford.    Davis, F. (1985). Clothing and fashion as communication, in Solomon, M. R. (ed.) The Psychology of Fashion, Massachusetts: Lexington Books. Davis, F. (1993). Fashion, Culture and Identity, Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press. Du Gay, P. (1996). Consumption and Identity at Work, London: Sage.   Fiske, J. (1990). Introduction to Communication Studies, London: Routledge Freud, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams. Penguin, London. Lacan, J. (Reprinted 1997). Language of the Self, Baltimore, MD.: Johns Hopkins University Press Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self and Society, From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviourist, Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press Miles, S. (1998). Consumerism as a Way of Life, London: Sage Publications Nietzsche, F. (1888). Ecce Homo. Peter Gast Books, Basel. Quirk, R. (Et al.). (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Radford, R., Dangerous Liaison: Art, Fashion and Individualism, Fashion Theory, vol. 2, issue 2, Oxford: Berg, 1998, pp. 151-64.   Rosenfeld, L. B. and Plax, T. G. (1997). Clothing as communication, Journal of Communication, 27: 24-31. Smith, A. (1759/1976). The Theory of the Moral Sentiments, Edinburgh.   Internet Sources Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self and Society, From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviourist, Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Mead/MINDSELF.HTML   Smith, A. (1759/1976). The Theory of the Moral Sentiments, Edinburgh.   http://www.adamsmith.org/smith/tms-intro.htm   Rhodes, A. Zuloago, R. (2003). A semiotic Analysis of High Fashion Advertising.   www.garhodes.com/Semiotics_of_Fashion.pdf Feminism: Sexism and Society Feminism: Sexism and Society Feminism as a concept is one with a variety of different views. While to some it may seem like a rightful assertion of what they believe society should be, some believe it to be unrealistic and too idealistic. They believe that by relying too much on the principle of feminism, they are overdoing it, thereby resulting in the loss of the effect of the concept as such. Feminism as a concept emerged during the late 19th century, where the important demands made were that of more rights in the public sphere, the right to vote, the right to own property, and obtain a reasonable education. (footnote book). As time went on, and women felt more and more comfortable with asserting their rights openly, newer topics like sexuality, reproduction, domestic violence, domestic labour etc, came into prevalence (footnote book). Feminists then believed that the major thing lacking in society was the fact that masculine ideas were being used in both the political and social fields. (footnote book). The concept also aims to be relevant in the present day context. Feminists have tried to tackle issues such as single mothers handling a household, lower wages, especially in the present day, poverty and lack of education for most women, even today.(4) Feminism in India has also been gaining some momentum with the new age. Womens magazines, women oriented television shows etc, are helping this new wave of feminism in the country. This paper attempts to look at the variety of ways that woman oriented mediums aim to promote feminism in our country. It also tries to decide whether these mediums are promoting or in fact contesting the concept of feminism. WHAT IS FEMINISM? Feminism is basically an idea that aims to end all forms of sexism that exist in the world presently. There are however, several variations of what this sexism actually is, and the different ways by which it can be resolved. Also argued, is the role of a man or a woman in society, and what implications each gender has in society. Nevertheless, the feminist perspective provides interesting views on matters such as reproduction, sexuality, labour, poverty, racial discrimination The meaning of the term feminism has differed greatly throughout the world. While in the U.S and the U.K it started out as being mainly a political wave, demanding for the right to vote, in other parts of the world writers have mainly looked at the injustices faced by women, although the nature of these injustices may not entirely be certain. In 1892, the first International Womens Conference was held in Paris. Only after this, did the word feminism start to be used in its serious sense in society. Second and third wave feminism was mainly generated to look at the shortcomings of earlier theories of feminism and avoid the domination of ‘white women, in the field. A sincere attempt was to be made to look at the views of coloured women and others as well. An attempt to help the situation would be to look at feminism as a set of ideas and beliefs rather than looking at it as a political ideal. A lot of occurrences take place even outside the political sphere that ascertains the need to improve a womans position in society. Although feminism may have started as focusing only on the legal and political aspects of a womans life, it has broadened to the more social issues now. Oppression is the feminists key issue. Feminists fight to resolve oppression and ensure justice. Oppression is unjust and a woman, like any other person in society has a right to ensure that they obtain justice. Another area where feminists argue the need for equality is the economic sector. It is believed that with the increase in economic equality, the society can become a better place to live in. However, it may also be said, that at times sexism also works against men. There are instances where men also may come under the radar of being victims of sexism. But, it is commonly agreed upon that women usually suffer the brunt of inequality more than the men do. Sexism, also just does not examine several harms that are committed, but looks at the fact that someone is harmed because she is a woman. There is no one single form of oppression that a woman faces, and that several forms exist and manifest themselves in a variety of ways even today. Even though there are variations in the way feminists differentiate themselves from one another, an agreed framework is being sought after to monitor equality and growth of women. There will most definitely be a set of principles that all women will look to fight and ensure parity for women in society. Such principles may include, equal wages, reproduction etc. (book 15). One of the main requests of feminists has also been to give women more recognition in the public sphere. This is the only way that women would be looked as being worthy enough to be respected even at home. (15). Liberalisation, also to a certain extent helped the cause of feminism. Liberal thought had its roots in rendering individual rights and giving an individual all the importance as may be necessary. The argument of being treated at an equal level with the men in society, sprung mainly from the liberal theory. Since the liberal theory believed that the only just and fair system was one that did not discriminate among individuals under any circumstance, feminists adopted this idea to their advantage. (26) Thus, feminism is a doctrine aimed at ensuring that women are treated on par with men in society. Although the interpretations of this doctrine may vary from person to person, the main idea is common to all- that is the progress of women in the society at the same level as men. FEMINISM IN INDIA India, as a country from time long before, has been neglected in the sense that it is a third world country and is capable of offering only so much. The concept of feminism holding a high ground in such a country would not be feasible. Womens Studies in India have been looked as a socio cultural subject as well as an effort to trace the role of women in the country and how it has changed. Footnote http://books.google.co.in/books?id=YICroPrSyz4Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=feminism+indiasig=3ws6hFGtDrSM4hgxXZD6cknaKOU#PPA3,M1 As the 19th century dawned in India women were more open to creating new roles for themselves, some that men had not thought about creating for them. Pg 6. The advent of the colonial rule was what proved to be most influential to the feminist movement in the country. With the coming of the colonial rule, women were exposed to what could be a life suited for them. There was a lot of debate concerning the fact that very difference between a man and a woman is what made women more apt for social roles, like that of a mother. However, women started organizing campaigns and joined organizations, their role as a mother was used to argue the fact that for this very reason they should be given access to education and overall emancipation. Also, during the colonial rule, Gandhi had an effect on the growing perception of feminism in the country. He was hailed as the founder of the Indian feminist movement. His definitions of the qualities of a woman were used by a variety of women during the pre- independence feminist period. Women during the pre- independence period based most of their theories on the likeness rather than the difference in ideas they might have. In post- independent India feminism achieved a slightly higher status than before. Women here asserted their rights to be treated equally and fairly within society. They dismissed the need for gender based structures in society and division of labour based on sex. They believed that there existed only a biological difference between men and women and that under no circumstance should that affect the ability of a woman to be able to perform on par with men in the society. The role of being a ‘mother and a ‘daughter was widely emphasized in the earlier Indian times. This however changed and became more to do with depicting the helplessness of these women. There were pamphlets, exhibitions held to show the vulnerability of a woman and how it was being exploited by all people in society. This in turn led to feminism being more open and resulting in there being a change of the image of a woman from someone helpless to someone economically strong and independent. While in pre- independent India it was accepted that a woman was socially backward and had only a certain fixed place in society, in the mid seventies, this changed drastically. All issues regarding unequal wages, pushing women into unskilled areas of labour were sought to be contested fiercely. It was believed that no woman, especially in that time was to be subjected to inequality. Another reason why the issue of feminism gained heavy importance was that by nature, the Indian society was male dominated and most causes of problem arose out of this very difference. The sphere of what feminism would also look to abolish was also greatly widened. The body of a woman, which had been looked at, socially, as something very disposable was now treated with much more respect. Even legally attempts were made to provide solace and justice to those women who had been raped, that had not earlier been available. This was further broadened into marital rape and rape of prostitutes alike. Women were to be treated as rightful members of society and had to be treated with equal dignity and respect. Towards the latter part of the twentieth century, women were to be given the right of self determination. They were looked as being capable of making their own decisions and therefore should be given a right to make all major decisions themselves. After independence attempts were also made by the congress to make sure that women got equality under the constitution. Feminists were in fact the first ones to start and recognize the need to codify personal laws in the country. Suggestions were made even by Dr. B.R Ambedkar to make sure that women were given a strong status in society. The age of consent to marriage was increased; the age of when a woman can be married was also increased. Several reforms were also introduced to ensure the right of a woman to a divorce and property. (96) The Hindu Marriage Act, The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act were also seen as being significant in ensuring all personal laws were codified and women had a right to claim their rights even in a court of law.Movements like the Shahada movement also became popular after the rise of feminism. The shahada movement aimed at resolving domestic violence, especially in the low down areas of society. If a man beat his woman up, he had to apologise to her in public.(101) In addition to this, there were also anti-price rise demonstrations in Bombay and Bihar. With the advent of such movements, women became more comfortable with trying and portraying themselves in public and showing that they were also capable of doing something revolutionary in society. (102)Issues were raised to contest that a family was primarily looked at as a unit of consumption than a unit of production. Furthermore, women were looked at as being the main source of this consumption. So, whenever there was an economic problem, with respect to goods, a woman was always deemed to be at fault. (104). In modern India also such issues of a womans position in society is taken into account. Even now there are disparities regarding whether a woman should be allowed to work and step out of the house or not. It was also realized that what maybe feminism for women in the urban community may not be the same for those in the lower or rural communities. What has been analysed by many women today as being problems in the urban society may differ from those that are considered to be problems in the rural communities. A woman from the labour or working class of society will have a larger set of problems than say a woman living in the city with a job.(106) Therefore, although there are irregularities regarding the actual position of an Indian woman in society, one thing that is certain, is that their role has been increasing steadily in society. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=68xTBT1-H4ICprintsec=frontcoverdq=feminism+indiasig=Y6Dw_kI47maXDQqZ1UGuIJDE7TM#PPA104,M1 WOMENS MAGAZINES IN INDIA Food, gossip, relationship advice, beauty tips, you name it; a womans magazine has it. With the new age of liberal women, womens magazines are also gaining huge popularity among the masses of women. The womens magazines are an ideal way for a woman to spend her free time, and at the same time get advice on something she probably would not find elsewhere. These magazines have become so popular today that every bookstore and every library has copies of them. No woman, in todays day would deny having read any of these magazines at one point. There are several leading womens magazines in the country now. Femina, Womens Era, Verve, Good Housekeeping, to name a few are the leading magazines sold in India currently. http://explore.oneindia.in/media/magazine/womens/ The trend of womens magazines was started mainly to infuse a new perspective in a male dominated society,as mentioned by a recently bought about magazine- Feministing. http://feministing.com/archives/004002.html The issues dealt with in these magazines are that of educational opportunities for women, food, maintaining a home, relationship advice, advice to single mothers etc. The magazines look at issues that otherwise a woman would not be too comfortable talking about with to her family members. These magazines also provide suitable solutions for various issues a woman may face. For example the magazine Femina, has divided its magazine into various sections, which include- food, health, beauty, relationship, homemaking, travel etc. Beauty and health sections, give you tips on how to maintain a healthy figure and to eat right. The relationship section gives you advice on all matters regarding relationships including how to start one, how to end one, issues regarding mother-daughter conflicts. Travel destinations are also explored thus givinG http://www.femina.in/

Comparing London by William Blake and Westminster Bridge by William Wor

Comparing London by William Blake and Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth William Blake was born in London in 1757. He was taught by his mother at home, and became an apprentice to an engraver at fourteen. In addition to poetry Blake spent much of his time painting. Blake lived on the edge of poverty and died in neglect. His poetry receiving little acclaim while he was alive. ‘London’ was written by Blake in 1789. Taken from Blake’s ‘Songs of Experience’, the style is darker and in a sense depressing. It describes the city after the Industrial Revolution. Blake takes a very negative and hopeless view of the city and the lives of those living within it. He hated the way London was becoming, looking negatively on business and materialism. Blake felt himself as free, and the poem is a comment on others living in London. In the first line of the first stanza, he creates immediate effect as he contrasts the words ‘wander’ with ‘charter’d’, which he goes on to use to describe the Thames River in the following line. Wander suggests a sense of naturally meandering in an open expanse, contrasting greatly with the latter, which referring to the city itself, suggests a sense of narrow enclosed in space. This description leads the reader to envisage a regulated and constrained city, limited by business and materialism. Blake goes on to describe the ‘charter’d Thames does flow.’ This is ironic in the sense that any flow seems to be restricted by the banked in and concreted image of the river that the poet creates – there is nothing natural or beautiful about the Thames any longer. Equally Blake’s repetition of the word mark, while us... ...r for what she does in order to make a living. This is ironic because the business of prostitution is caused in part by the restrictions placed upon the married man. It is also ironic because the married man is what has created the need for, and use of prostitutes. The harlot curses the respectable and polite society because it is they who have created the demand for her, and then look down upon what she does. ‘Blights with plagues’ implies that perhaps she also infects them with some sort of sexually transmitted disease, conceivably as a type of vengeance upon those who shun her. The final words of the poem, â€Å"Marriage hearse† compares marriage to death. The narrator sees marriage as another type of restriction placed upon man by society, marriage is a sort of death in man’s ability to be free to do as he wishes.

Aping Western Culture Essay

This topic might make most of us go back to the good old days of childhood when we used to run around and play in the hot and burning sun without the pressure of the world upon us.Now the entire world(at least the majority) is mesmerized by the non real world of computer games. Part of the reason for this shift is the lack of good grounds and the lack of togetherness that is persisting in today s world. We might play the popular football or cricket game on PC but its no where near to the joy that we get while playing outdoor football or even cricket. I can still remember the days when I used to play cricket in the burning hot sun in my village, sometimes even bare foot. Nothing can match the joy that we get when we flex some muscles while playin these outdoor games. I also remember my school days during which I used to wait for holidays so that i can play cricket, hide and seek,laggoree(A local game in which we throw the ball at stones and regroup all the stones while avoiding getting hit by the ball), lock and key,badminton and many more innovative games. Most of these games used to be played in the streets and they do not require a play ground. At least I used to play them on the streets. I used to leave my house in the morning and come back for lunch and then again go out and return home at night.Playing with many people is surely fun to the core. Just the assembly of so many people was a joy to be in. Only in villages can we get to see groups of children playing outdoor games.Its becoming more and more of a rare scene in the cities.I can see school kids already carrying the burden of t he world on their tender shoulders. There might come a time when games will be restricted to indoor games or even worse only the computer games. There s nothing wrong in playing on the computer as I myself do get hooked on to the computer games but from time to time playing outdoor games relaxes the mind and also its a very good exercise to our body.Even the PET classes in the schools are taken by other subject teachers in most of the schools.Also many of the schools do not even have a playground in their school premises. All this is sad and the future is going to be even more worse.At this point I remember the popular animated series that comes on disney channel â€Å"Recess†. Its focus is mainly on the outdoor games. There is a popular saying that â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy†, its time we changed it to something like this â€Å"All work and only playing a on computer makes Jack a dull boy†. There are still a lot more things that I could have written but it might get boring so I leave it to the people reading this blog to comment and share their experiences.

Self Reliance

The Idea of American Self Reliance From the readings of Cooper, Hawthorne, and Emerson you get a coherent understanding of how each writer interpreted the notion of â€Å"American Self Reliance†. Self- Reliance is defined as the dependence on one's own efforts and abilities . There are profound strengths in promoting and practicing the idea of Self-Reliance but also evident weaknesses if the phrase is taken too literally.While making reference to Cooper, Hawthorne and Emerson's readings the following essay will discuss the otion of American Self Reliance as well as an advantage and a disadvantage that can be caused by fully living by its creed. Most of us strive for success and independence. Most take pride in themselves for being able to start from the bottom and emerge on top with no help from others. This is typically interpreted as self reliance. However, it is not always possible to rise to the top by our efforts solely. At times we all need help in succeeding in life or simply bettering ourselves.Emerson's writing persuades you to believe that man alone is completely self sufficient for him r herself. I view this as a disadvantage or weakness in thought and practice because you cannot always believe that you will never need help from anyone or anything. This type of thinking could potentially stagnant one's progress and the reluctance to ask for or accept help would be the cause. Emerson writes â€Å"To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart, is true for all men, – that is genius†.I disagree with this statement because it can be interpreted negatively or positively and from the reading I deduced that Emerson only presented his statement in a positive cogitation. This quote further influences us to believe that if we feel we can accomplish anything on our own in our hearts then everyone should believe this as well and in turn this is the most intellectual way to think. Unfortunately there a re countless times when what we believe true in our hearts, whether it concerns our capabilities or accomplishments, are in reality not feasible.Certain external or internal factors beyond our control can hinder our progress. Although, with the help of others, and the renouncement of the notion of living trictly by a creed of self- reliance, one could possibly demonstrate success in their thoughtful aspirations regardless of the unknown or potential hindrances that may lie ahead. With help we are able to maneuver and the ability to maneuver in our lives is an advantage and strength. I do not disagree with the complete ideology of self reliance.Emerson writes, â€Å"What I must do, is all that concerns me, not what the people think. It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd eeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude†. This quote is powerful because it depicts the strength or advantage (great man) that one can have in life if they focus on self and not worry about the opinions and conformity that society attempts to influence them with.It makes reference to will-power, determination and in solitude, amidst society. Having independent thought no matter what coaxes exists is a vital aspect of self reliance. In Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown he writes, â€Å"Faith! Faith! cried the husband. Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One! . Despite the fact that Hawthorne does not specifically mention the theory of self reliance in Young Goodman Brown, it is still included metaphorically throughout the text.Here Hawthorne support Emerson's ideology of Self Reliance by showing the strong will and determination Goodman Brown had by sticking to his beliefs and resorting to the higher power (God) in the face of evil and ultimately veering away from the influence of the wicked that surrounded him. After Brown sticks to his beliefs and does not conform to those of his surrounding environment he finds imself alone again in the woods, everything having vanished.Staying committed in your beliefs and views at all times whether in solitude or among others is important and as Hawthorne depicts, can entirely alter a predicament or situation for the better. From the readings I also concluded that self reliance is not only about believing in yourself or staying true to who you are despite the influence of society it is also about not abusing the resources that god has put forth for you to flourish. James Fenimore Cooper writes in The Pioneers, â€Å"It's much better to kill only such as ou want, without wasting your powder and lead, than to be firing into God's creaters in such a wicked manner.But I come out for a bird, and you know the reason why I like small game, Mr. Oliver, and now I have got one I will go home, for I don't like to see these wasty ways that you are all practysing, as if the least thing was not made fo r use, and not to destroy'. Cooper reveals a portion of his interpretation of Self reliance with this excerpt from The Pioneers. The character who speaks these words, Natty Bumppo, was portrayed as the embodiment of American Self-Reliance, who ived free, was strong, determined, self sufficient and lived close to nature.Cooper believed that connection with nature was essential for one's development and ability to be self reliant. In this quote he portrays his distaste for killing god's creations for game and not necessity, which translate into the abuse of our natural resources. Cooper, Hawthorne and Emerson collectively make some great points and examples of American Self Reliance throughout their works. However, it is important to acknowledge that some of their ideologies can serve as strengths as well as potential eaknesses. Cooper, F.J. (2003). The Pioneers. In N. Baym, The Norton Anthology of Literature (pp. 440-449). New York : Norton & Company. Emerson, R. (2003). Self Relianc e. In N. Baym, The Norton Anthology of Literature (pp. 450-467). New York: Norton & Company. Hawthorne, N. (2003). Young Goodman Brown. In N. Baym, The Norton Anthology of Literature (pp. 613-623). New York : Norton & Company. Merriam- Webster. com. (2013, November 3). Retrieved November 3, 2013, from Merriam- Webster: http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/self%20reliance

History Of Disability In The New Zealand Social Work Essays

History Of Disability In The New Zealand Social Work Essays History Of Disability In The New Zealand Social Work Essay History Of Disability In The New Zealand Social Work Essay Government policies aimed at incorporating the figure of handicapped people populating in New Zealand and maintaining fiscal assistance to a lower limit. Legislation discouraged handicapped people from settling in New Zealand. TheA Imbecile Passengers Act 1882, for illustration, required a bond from the individual responsible for a ship that discharged any individual lunatic, crackbrained, deaf, dumb, blind or infirm who might go a charge on public or charitable establishments. TheA Immigration Restriction Act 1899A included in its list of forbidden immigrants any imbecile or insane individual, every bit good as those enduring from contagious diseases. Support for handicapped people was expected to be met by their households. Any fiscal support was normally little and impermanent, and was given by charitable organisations, non the taxpayer. Institutions offering support for orphans, single female parents and impoverished older people began to be set up from the 1860s. Some handicapped people ended up in these topographic points every bit good. From 1854, establishments were established for people with experience of mental unwellness. TheA Lunatics Ordinance 1846A provided for the safe detention and bar of offenses by individuals perilously insane, and for the attention and care of individuals of unsound head. These people were ab initio housed in gaols and subsequently in designated establishments. The eugenics motion became popular in the nineteenth century. Eugenicss applied the thoughts of biological natural choice to people ( besides known as racial fittingness ) . It advocated continuing good familial stock by weeding out weak traits such as sick wellness or mental lacks. Peoples with less desirable traits were to be prevented from holding kids one manner was for these people to be removed from society by puting them in intent built establishments. Towards the terminal of the nineteenth century, people with rational disablements began to be admitted to establishments antecedently reserved for people with mental unwellness. Men and adult females were purely kept apart so they could non hold kids. The first school for deaf kids in New Zealand opened in 1880 ( now the Van Asch Deaf Education Centre in Christchurch ) 1900 onwards Social beliefs in racial fittingness increased, going reflected in the authorities s societal policy on handicapped people. This was connected to concerns at the tendency of diminishing household size ( until the 1930s ) , and the failure of a big figure of conscripted work forces to run into the minimal wellness criterion for the armed forces in World War I ( 57 per cent were rejected as unfit for service ) . Incidents like this fuelled a turning belief that the new state s open uping spirit had become weak and infected by bad genetic sciences and moral weaknesss. Until 1916, the New Zealand Census identified people who were deaf and dumb, blind, madmans, imbeciles, epileptics, paralyzed, crippled and/or deformed. Mechanisms were put in topographic point to place faulty kids. Institutional attention, particularly for mentally lacking people, was emphasized. TheA Mental Defectives Act 1911A differentiated between individuals of unsound head, individuals mentally infirm, imbeciles, idiots, the lame minded and epileptics. TheA Committee of Inquiry into Mental Defectives and Sexual Offenders of 1924-1925A uttered concern at feeble-minded kids. Action was needed to forestall the generation of these perverts and infection of an inferior strain in the New Zealand population. The end was to increase the elements of the mental, moral, and physical strength of the state . Such activities led to an accent on sorting and testing kids. Children with special demands were segregated to establishments and services outside the mainstream instruction and wellness services. Some positive actions came out of this period for illustration, the Plunket administration, which provided attention and support for the wellness of kids and female parents. Turning medical cognition and proficient progresss of the clip increased the accent on medical intervention, instead than societal inclusion, of handicapped people. In 1924, statute law was passed leting a pension for blind people. This statute law was good in front of the societal security reforms of the late 1930s, which introduced the shut-ins benefit for those for good unable to work and the illness benefit for those temporarily sing sick wellness. In 1929, Templeton Farm in Christchurch was opened for high-grade idiots and low-grade feeble-minded instances without psychotic complications , under the disposal of the mental wellness system. The general population became progressively cognizant of mental unwellness and physical damages as experienced by solders returning place after the universe wars. There was a demand for better services, including psychiatric intervention, physical therapy and plastic surgery. The rehabilitation of the mentally and physically impaired into society was emphasized. Medical rehabilitation for veterans began after World War I and developed farther through the Disabled Servicemen s League, established after World War II. Services were available to civilians from 1954. Sheltered employment chances for handicapped people began with theA Disabled Persons Employment Promotion Act 1960. Operators of sheltered workshops were exempted from using the same employment conditions required elsewhere. This created a differentiation between sheltered employment and employment on the unfastened labour market. The orientation towards big establishments for handicapped people began to be challenged during the 1950s and 1960s. IHC in peculiar, set up twenty-four hours attention centres, occupational groups and residential places. At the same clip it pursued a more rights-based attack in seeking appropriate educational installations for their kids. From the 1970s, the authorities s attack to services for handicapped people became more community and rights based. Following theA 1972 Royal Commission into Psychopaedic Hospitals, authorities financess were progressively channelled into constructing little residential installations instead than big establishments. A rule of entitlement was established through theA Accident Compensation Act 1972. Peoples whose damage was caused by hurt through accident were now able to have aid on an single entitlement footing. The demand for handicapped people to hold entree to a broad scope of community-based support was progressively being recognized. TheA Disabled Persons Community Welfare Act 1975A gave disabled people, who were non ACC claimants, entree to services to assist them remain in the community. There was besides increasing acknowledgment of the demand for handicapped people to hold chances for mainstream employment. TheA Industrial Relations Act 1973A established the under-rate workers license. This enabled a individual with damage to work in the unfastened labour market and have a pay that matched their productiveness. Activities advancing the International Year of the Disabled in 1981, and the associated Telethon, provided a focal point for handicapped people. Awareness was raised on disablement issues that had non happened earlier. The formation of a pan-disability organisation, DPA, made up of handicapped people talking and making things for themselves, was one result from this activity. The move off from institutionalized adjustment for handicapped people continued during the 1980s ( besides known as deinstitutionalization ) . At the same clip authorities support for community-based services increased. This was reinforced by an amendment to the Education Act enabling the mainstreaming of handicapped kids into a normal school environment. Through the 1990s more concerns were expressed about the restrictions of the authorities proviso for cut downing societal barriers experienced by handicapped people. Government funding for support services for handicapped people moved from the public assistance bureau ( Department of Social Welfare ) to wellness bureaus ( Regional Health Authorities ) 2000 onwards In 2000/2001, the authorities developed the New Zealand Disability Strategy. The Strategy was based on the societal theoretical account of disablement, which makes a differentiation between damages ( which people have ) and disablement ( which lies in their experience of barriers to engagement in society ) . In 2002 the Office for Disability Issues was set up. Its intent is to supply a focal point on disablement across authorities and to take the execution and monitoring of the New Zealand Disability Strategy. In 2004, the New Zealand Sign Language Bill was introduced into Parliament. This Bill proposed acknowledging New Zealand Sign Language as the 3rd, official linguistic communication in New Zealand. New Zealand has taken a prima function at the United Nations in the development of a convention doing explicit the rights of handicapped people. A reappraisal of long-run disablement support services was begun in 2004. Led by the Office for Disability Issues and working across authorities bureaus, the reappraisal aims to better the atomization and incoherency of services as experienced by handicapped people. STRATEGIES AND POLICIES OF DISABILITY IN NEW ZEALAND In conformity to Disability in New Zealand, we need to cognize the of import events that happened before and what is go oning now. Here is a brief chronological event of of import policies and schemes alterations for Disabled people and New Zealanders. The Lunatic regulation 1846 The first statute law in New Zealand to be concerned with the mentally sick. This statute law provided for the safe detention and bar of offenses by individuals perilously insane and for the attention and care of individuals of unsound head 1882 The Imbecile riders act AN ACT to consolidate and amend the Law esteeming the Introduction of Imbecile Persons into the Colony. If the Collector shall attest that any rider shall hold arrived in New Zealand or infirm, and probably in his sentiment to go a charge upon the populace or upon any public or charitable establishment, the Collector shall necessitate the proprietor, charterer, or maestro of such ship, within 14 yearss after her reaching, to put to death a bond to Her Majesty in the amount of one hundred lbs for every such rider. The mental defectives act 1911 Allowed people to acknowledge themselves to mental infirmaries voluntarily. This encouraged early intervention of some mental unwellnesss and helped cut down the stigma of abode in a mental establishment. The term asylum was replaced by mental infirmary , a lunatic became an inmate and female attendants became nurses ( although male staff were still called attenders ) . A 1928 amendment to this act anticipated separate preparation establishments for intellectually disabled patients. Social Security act 1938 This act introduced revised pensions and extended benefits for households, shut-ins and the unemployed.A New Zealand s pensions were confined to the aged, shut-ins, the blind, widows and mineworkers. There was a limited system of household allowances. In widening the household benefit to all female parents irrespective of the household s income, the 1938 Act increased the figure having allowances from 42,600 to 230,000. The Act besides established a Social Security Department to administrate pecuniary benefits. All medical attention benefits were administered by the Department of Health. Disabled Persons Employment Promotion Act 1960 A Employment chances for people with disablements in unintegrated scenes will go on, but rewards will be paid harmonizing to the work people do instead than the topographic point where people work. Accident Compensation Act 1974 The intent of thisA ActA is to heighten the public good and reenforce the societal contract represented by the first accidentA compensationA strategy by supplying for a just and sustainable strategy for pull offing personal hurt that has, as its overruling ends, minimising both the overall incidence of hurt in the community, and the impact of hurt on the community ( including economic, societal, and personal costs ) , through- Guaranting that, where hurts occur, the Corporation s primary focal point should be on rehabilitation with the end of accomplishing an appropriate quality of life through the proviso of entitlements that restores to the maximal operable extent a claimant s wellness, independency, and engagement. Guaranting that, during their rehabilitation, claimants receive fairA compensationA for loss from hurt, including just finding of weeklyA compensationA and, where appropriate, ball amounts for lasting damage. Industrial Relations Act 1973 An act which enabled the individual with disablement to work in the unfastened labour market and receive pay that matched their productiveness. It is operated by the Department of Social Welfare. Disabled individuals Community Welfare ACT 1975 An Act to do better proviso for fiscal and other aid in regard of the handicapped, and for the support of voluntary organisations and private organisations concerned with supplying installations for the community public assistance, sheltered employment, preparation, and twenty-four hours attention of handicapped individuals. Year of the Disabled in 1981 It provided a focal point for handicapped people. Awareness was raised on disablement issues that had non happened earlier. The formation of a pan-disability organisation, DPA, made up of handicapped people talking and making things for themselves, was one result from this activity. Education act 1989 The Act says, Peoples who have particular educational demands ( whether because of disablement or otherwise ) have the same rights to inscribe and have instruction in province schools as people who do non . All kids and their parents should be made to experience welcome when nearing any school to inscribe. If a local school has an enrolment strategy, so a kid normally has to populate within the school s registration zone. Human Rights Act 1993 A Protects people in New Zealand from favoritism in a figure of countries of life. Discrimination occurs when a individual is treated below the belt or less favourably than another individual in the same or similar fortunes. New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 The NZPHD Act besides sets the strategic way and ends for wellness and disablement services in New Zealand. These include to better wellness and disablement results for all New Zealanders, to cut down disparities by bettering the wellness ofA MaoriA and other population groups, to supply a community voice in personal wellness, public wellness, and disablement support services and to ease entree to, and the airing of information for, the bringing of wellness and disablement services in New Zealand. New Zealand Disability Strategy 2001 Promoting citizenshipA by furthering society s ability to include handicapped people. This requires initiatives to better public consciousness of disablement, to raise the visibleness and advance the leading of handicapped people, and to guarantee handicapped people s rights are upheld. Constructing authorities capacityA by guaranting bureaus have the necessary cognition, accomplishments and systems to turn to disablement issues. Bettering disablement support servicesA by guaranting the manner they are provided enables handicapped people to hold ordinary picks and duties. Promoting engagement by handicapped people in all countries of lifeA by placing and maximizing chances in all sectors of the community. This requires authorities bureaus to take disablement issues into history when doing determinations in a broad scope of sectors ; for illustration, turn toing longstanding barriers in conveyance, athleticss and diversion, relationship services or companies ordinances. Aims in this subject are: 3 Supply the best instruction for handicapped people, 4 Provide chances in employment and economic development for handicapped people, 8 Support quality life in the community for handicapped people, and 9 Support lifestyle picks, diversion and civilization for handicapped people. Addressing diverseness of needA by admiting that, in add-on to common issues, there is immense diverseness among handicapped people. It is besides of import to turn to the specific demands of handicapped people s households. Promote engagement of handicapped MA?ori, Promote engagement of handicapped Pacific peoples, Enabled disabled kids and young person to take full and active lives, Promote engagement of handicapped adult females in order to better their quality of life, and Value households, whA?nau and people supplying on-going support. The Pacific wellness and disablement action program 2002 It sets out the strategic way and actions for bettering wellness results for Pacific peoples and cut downing inequalities between Pacific and non-Pacific peoples. It is directed at the wellness and disablement service sectors and Pacific communities, and aims to supply and advance low-cost, effectual and antiphonal wellness and disablement services for all New Zealanders. Sign Language Act 2006 The first or preferable linguistic communication of Deaf New Zealanders. It addresses the unsure legal position of the New Zealand Sign Language and provides for the linguistic communication to be used in legal proceedings. Support Requirements 1840 S ONWARDS Support for handicapped people was expected to be met by their households. Any fiscal support was normally little and impermanent, and was given by charitable organisations, non the taxpayer. Disability system is preponderantly publically funded, and overseen by cardinal authorities. 1900 S ONWARD Health services for disablement are delivered by a mix of publically owned, in private owned and voluntary suppliers. Government support for community-based services increased. In 1924, statute law was passed leting a pension for blind people. This statute law was good in front of the societal security reforms of the late 1930s, which introduced the shut-ins benefit for those, for good unable to work and the illness benefit for those temporarily sing ailment health.From the 1970s, the authorities s attack to services for handicapped people became more community and rights based. Following theA 1972 Royal Commission into Psychopaedic Hospitals, authorities financess were progressively channelled into constructing little residential installations instead than big establishments. The move off from institutionalized adjustment for handicapped people continued during the 1980s ( besides known as deinstitutionalization ) . At the same clip authorities support for community-based services increased. This was reinforced by an amendment to the Education Act enabling the mainstreaming of handicapped kids into a normal school environment. Through the 1990s more conce rns were expressed about the restrictions of the authorities proviso for cut downing societal barriers experienced by handicapped people. Government funding for support services for handicapped people moved from the public assistance bureau ( Department of Social Welfare ) to wellness bureaus ( Regional Health Authorities ) . 2000 ONWARDS Health and disablement system is preponderantly publically funded, and overseen by cardinal authorities. A The authorities developed the New Zealand Disability Strategy. The Strategy was based on the societal theoretical account of disablement, which makes a differentiation between damages ( which people have ) and disablement ( which lies in their experience of barriers to engagement in society ) . There is besides a big figure of community organisations involved in disablement support and representation. 2.2 DEFINE TERMINOLOGIES When composing or talking about people with disablements it is of import to set the individual foremost. Catch-all phrases such as the blind , the deaf or the handicapped, make non reflect the individualism, equality or self-respect of people with disablements. Listed below are some recommendations for usage when describing, speech production or composing about people with disablements. Disability Out-Dated Language Respectful Language Blind or Visually Impairment Dumb, A Invalid Blind/Visually Impaired, Person who is blind/visually impaired Deaf or Hearing Impairment Invalid, Deaf-and-Dumb, Deaf-Mute Deaf or Hard-of-hearing, Person who is deaf or hard of hearing Speech/Communication Disability Dumb, One who talks bad Person with a address / communicating disablement Learning Disability Retarded, Slow, Brain- Damaged, Particular erectile dysfunction Learning disablement, Cognitive disablement, Person with a acquisition or cognitive disablement Mental Health Disability Hyper-sensitive, Psycho, Crazy, A Insane, Wacko, Nuts Person with a psychiatric disablement, Person with a mental wellness disablement Mobility/Physical DisabilityA Handicapped, Physically Challenged, Particular, Deformed, Cripple, Gimp, Spastic, Spaz, Wheelchair-bound, Lame WheelchairA user, Physically disabled, Person with a mobility or physical disablement Emotional Disability Emotionally disturbed Emotionally disabled, Person with an emotional disablement Cognitive Disability Retard, Mentally retarded, Particular erectile dysfunction Cognitively/Developmentally disabled, Person with a cognitive/developmental disablement Short Stature, Little Person Dwarf, Midget Person of short stature, Little Person DEFINE ATTITUDES Coming out of the18th and nineteenth century, there was a negative stigma attached to people with damages. They were thought to be weaker and less valuable members of society. A moral differentiation had emerged between people who deserved support those impaired by accident or unwellness and people born with damage. Attitudes changed with the impact of disease epidemics ( such as TB and infantile paralysis ) and hurts from World War I. Suddenly, there were people with damage who were otherwise immature, fit and healthy. Their damage had non been caused by a physical or moral failing inherent in a individual s familial make-up. There are established organisations that focused on specific damages and support for households so awareness of handicapped people and the figure of services available increased such as, the Association of the Friends of the Blind in 1889, the precursor of the Royal NZ Foundation of the Blind in 1890, CCS in 1935 and IHC in 1949. As the twelvemonth is travel ing frontward the credence of the people and authorities among handicapped people is acquiring better. They provided tonss of chances and support to the handicapped people. There are many Torahs that are implemented for them to protect their rights and to populate every bit normal as others. Nowadays there are tonss of organisations that established, in private and authorities which provided attention and support to the handicapped people. There is public entree that is provided for the handicapped people to do their lives easier. There were besides rehabilitation for them and reding to give support every bit good. There is a broad credence of the populace for the handicapped people. DISTINGUISH STEREOTYPES AND EXPLAIN BARRIERS Before we look at how we can interact positively with people with damages, we need to be cognizant of common stereotypes and see how detrimental they can be. Physiological Peoples frequently tend to concentrate on the damage of a individual or the restrictions caused by it as opposed to the varied qualities and attributes the individual may hold. The mention to a individual s damage is non necessary unless damage is the subject of the discussion.A Emotional and moral It is besides easy to permeate people with emotional or moral qualities whether positive or negative based strictly on an damage they may hold. Be careful non to connote that people with damages are to be feared, pitied or ignored, or, on the other manus, that they are more brave, particular or heroic than others. A individual with damage should be allowed the same scope of emotions and responses, good and bad, as any other individual. Comparative The usage of the word normal to mention to people without damage is restrictive and violative, and should be avoided. A Stereotypes to avoid aˆ? Peoples with damages are objects of commiseration and charity. aˆ? Peoples with damages lead drilling, uneventful lives. aˆ? Peoples with damages are nonsexual. aˆ? Peoples with damages do non hold the same emotional demands or desires as other people. aˆ? Peoples with damages are black or embarrassing. Barriers Attitudes have been identified, through audience, as the major barrier that operates at all degrees of day-to-day life in the general population of handicapped people. Attitudes and ignorance make their presence felt as stigma, bias and favoritism. In the twelvemonth to June 1999, disablement favoritism was the largest class of ailments to the Human Rights Commission. Stigma, bias and favoritism affect our behaviours. Sometimes the combination of attitudes and behaviours can look to make about unsurmountable barriers, for illustration, whole systems or organisations can go a barrier much in the manner that institutionalised racism operates. For handicapped kids, it is difficult to acquire the best start to their life in front. Children s demands can set large demands, including fiscal force per unit area, on their households and whA?nau. Disabled people are much less likely to hold educational makings than non-disabled people. Disabled people are much less likely to be employed. For case, the unemployment rate for people with on-going mental unwellness is really high. One-half of recent ailments to the Human Rights Commission in respect to disablement related to employment. Older people experience troubles when their jobs are seen as an inevitable portion of ageing. Faced with this attitude, they may lose the chance to stay able and independent through rehabilitation, rectification of wellness jobs or proviso of support services. 2.3 SERVICE PROVISION AND ACCESS During early old ages services and entree model are non yet set up for the people holding disablement. There are locks of support from people and authorities. But as the twelvemonth addition there are services and entree that are established now working to give support and protect people with disablement. Ministry of Health Health and Disability National Service, Disability Services ( DS ) Disability Services, portion of the Health and Disability National Services Directorate, is responsible for the planning and support of disablement support services, administers the Intellectual Disability ( Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation ) Act 2003 and provides policy advice to the Minister of Health. The focal point of the Ministry of Health s Disability Services is based on The New Zealand Disability Strategy: Making a World of Difference Whakanui Oranga. This papers aims to guarantee handicapped people live in a society that extremely values their lives, works to better their engagement in their communities and ensures their demands are considered before determinations that affect them are made. Disability Support Servicess Disability Services is responsible for planning, support and supervising the proviso of a scope of disablement support services. This includes prioritization of services, issues of quality in service proviso, Maori and Pacific peoples service development, pull offing suppliers of service contracts, service focused research and reacting to issues sing the demand for and proviso of disablement support services. The proviso of disablement support services is based on the doctrine of the New Zealand Disability Strategy ( NZDS ) . Ministry of Social Development ( MSD ) The Ministry of Social Development ( MSD ) provides societal policy advice to the New Zealand Government and societal services to New Zealanders. MSD is responsible for disablement policy work for the Minister of Social Services and Employment, peculiarly associating to income support issues. MSD besides provides attention and protection servhe ices to kids and immature people through Child, Youth and Family. It is besides responsible for the Office for Disability Issues, the Office for Senior Citizens and the Office for the Community and Voluntary Sector. Office for Disability Issues ( ODI ) Responsible for guaranting the Government keeps religion with the New Zealand Disability Strategy, taking the execution and monitoring of the New Zealand Disability Strategy across the populace sector. Child, Youth A ; Family Child, Youth and Family ( CYF ) is a service of the Ministry of Social Development which provides a broad scope of services aimed at protecting kids, pull offing immature wrongdoers, guaranting kids in demand are unafraid and cared for, assisting households with their child-rearing function, and easing the acceptance procedure. Ministry of Education ( MOE ) The Ministry of Education ( MOE ) is non a supplier of instruction, but instead leads and manages the educational system and substructure by which people can derive cognition, accomplishments and attitudes in order to take part to the full in the community. The MOE purposes to make a system that responds rapidly and efficaciously to the demands of different communities, society and employers, and a policy environment that enables pedagogues to run efficaciously and scholars to take part and accomplish. Dept. of Labour The Department of Labour provides policy and buying advice in authorities on policies associating to the labor market and employment issues, including vocational services for people with disablements. It provides advice on accident insurance policy and disposal of employment statute law associating to people with disablements. Air combat command ACC is a Crown Entity responsible for administrating New Zealand s accident compensation strategy. It came into operation in New Zealand on 1 April 1974 and provides personal hurt screen for all New Zealand citizens, occupants and impermanent visitants to New Zealand as a consequence of accident. In return people do non hold the right to action for personal hurt, other than for model amendss. ACC financess intervention, rehabilitation and hebdomadal compensation for people who have sustained hurt and disablement as a consequence of an accident. ACC Case Managers are the polar point for rehabilitation direction in partnership with a individual. Any demand for support such as place aid, equipment or rehabilitation would be assessed and so options considered sing blessing within the ACC legislative model. Human Rights Commission The Human Rights Commission supports basic human rights as a model for all the people of New Zealand seeking to advance a just and merely society. The nucleus vision of the Commission is that people understand their rights, accept their duties and regard that others have rights every bit good. The Commission does this through instruction about human rights, bring forthing information and resources, doing questions into and describing on human rights issues and deciding differences that are related to favoritism.

DQ 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

DQ 10 - Essay Example Procrastination simply refers putting things off to another time. Instead of someone doing what they know they are able to do at the moment, they prefer to leave it for another day. This leads to slow changes in our lives hence lack of personal development. Poor time management is another leading factor that inhibits proper personal growth and development. A person who is unable to manage his time is also a poor planner. Both time wastage and lack of planning means that a person has a schedule does not know how to manage his time. Disorganization and lack of goals also contributes to poor personal development as one has no specific goals that drive him. The lack of discipline to achieve the goals that a person has set for himself or those set at the work place leaves a person stuck in one place hence poor personal growth. As a professional journalist, I have learnt that it is important to conduct myself in a professional manner at all times. First, I have adapted the skill of always been up to date with the changing technology that is used to gather and disseminate information. Through this, I am sure that I will be up to date with the current events, not only in my country but also in the world. This also puts me in a better position to disseminate the information I have gathered to the people who need urgently. I have also acquired the art of confidentiality, especially when it comes to interviews. Most people do not wish to be known publicly yet they still give me very helpful information. For this reason, I have learned to maintain their anonymity at all costs. Professionally, I am able to relate to my colleagues without getting too personal or creating unnecessary conflicts amongst us. To improve my proficiencies, I know I can always refer to my bosses for help whenever the need arises. My colleagues are also in a position to help me in case i ask for their advice. I can also use the internet to improve my

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example The manager in charge of the project, John Fisher was accused of paying somebody to buy the frozen drinks worth 10000 dollars to help in convincing the Burger king to become a pioneer in frozen Coke promotion that would take place nationally the following year (Lovell, 2012). From this case study, several stakeholders are involved in the malpractice. There is the Burger king franchise that was the organ to help in the testing as a business partner. From their point of view, they felt cheated and moved to court to seek compensation for the loss and expenses incurred. They also were angered that a partnering company used their reputed business name in a malpractice in business. The other stakeholder was the customer that was taking the frozen coke. The customer in this scenario was neither aware of the malpractice nor harmed by the malpractice. The customer however was betrayed by the fact that the biggest beverage company could afford to generate false results to promote a new brand. Though the research was not done to evaluate the drop in the customer loyalty of Coca-Cola then, this angered the customer and made the customer question the trust of other famous products of Coca-Cola (Laufer and Coombs, 2006). The other main stakeholder was Coca-Cola itself. Given the reputation of the company, it was hard for the company to explain the malpractice as well as the firing of employees who attempted to blow the whistle on the company. From the employees’ perspective, the question of ethics in this scenario is whether to quit or to blow the whistle. For the employee, Matthew Whitley, who blew the whistle the dilemma was in either choosing his job or his integrity. In the end when he chose his integrity, he and other employees lost their job. The management of the company had a decision to either preserve their name and fire the then manager, John Fisher or retain the manager and deny the claims of malpractice. In